Alternate Water Sources (Cloud Seeding)

The "warm rain" process, a type of cloud seeding usually involves clouds in tropical regions that never reach the freezing point. In these clouds, raindrops form around a "hygroscopic nuclei", a particle that attracts water such as salt or dust. Small droplets collide and coalesce until they form a drop large enough to fall. To encourage the "warm rain" process, calcium chloride is usually used to provide the nucleus for raindrop formation. The aircraft is flown above the clouds, then the aircraft drops the calcium chloride into the clouds.
The combination of cloud seeding, rooftop catchments and local water catchments can increase the overall amount of rainfall collected.

Alternative Water Sources (Rooftop Catchment)

Rooftop catchments collect rainwater in simple vessels at the edge of the roof. Variations on this basic approach include collection of rainwater in gutters which drain to the collection vessel through down-pipes constructed for this purpose, and/or the diversion of rainwater from the gutters to containers for settling particulates before being conveyed to the storage container for the domestic use. As the rooftop is the main catchment area, the amount and quality of rainwater collected depends on the area and type of roofing material. Roof catchments should also be cleaned regularly to remove dust, leaves and bird droppings so as to maintain the quality of the product water.There are some areas in Singapore which may already have rooftop catchments, but we want at least the majority, if not all buildings in Singapore, to have rooftop catchments.

Singapore's Current Water Supplies (Desalinated Water)

The SingSpring desalination plant was PUB’s first public-private partnership project. This plant can produce 30 million gallons or 136, 000 cubic meters of water a day and is one of the region’s largest seawater reverse-osmosis plants.
Desalinated water is the result of PUB's continued investments in water technologies and research. Recent advancements in technology and cheaper membrane prices have made desalinated water another viable source of water supply for Singapore.
At the SingSpring plant, sea water goes through a pre-treatment process where suspended particles are removed. In the second stage, the water undergoes reverse osmosis. The water produced is very pure and is remineralised in the third stage. After treatment, desalinated water is blended with treated water before it is supplied to homes and industries in the western part of Singapore.

Singapore's Current Water Supplies (Imported Water)

Singapore has been importing water from Johor, Malaysia, under two bilateral agreements. This will expire in 2011 and 2061. The water is transported from Malyasia to Singapore across the Tuas Causeway.

Singapore's Current Water Supplies (Local Water Catchment)

Singapore has a network of drains, canals and rivers which channels rain water to the reserviors.

Marina Reservoir, the first reservoir in the city, is formed by building the Marina Barrage across the Marina Channel. The Marina Reservoir will have the largest and most urbanized catchment at one-sixth of Singapore. Local water catchment area will be increased to two-thirds by 2011 when Marina, Punggol and Serangoon Reservoirs are completed.

Here is a list of reservoirs in Singapore: Pandan Reservoir, Kranji Reservoir, Jurong Lake Reservoir, MacRitchie Reservoir , Upp Pierce Reservoir, Lower Pierce Reservoir, Bedok Reservoir, Upp Seletar Reservoir, Lower Seletar Reservoir, Marina Reservoir, Future Pungol Reservoir and Future Serangoon Reservoir.